Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Directing and Steric Effects in Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives

Directing and Steric Effects in Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives

When disubstituted benzenes undergo electrophilic substitution, the product distribution depends on the directing effect of both substituents. When the directing effects of both substituents reinforce each other, a single product is obtained. For example, bromination of p-nitrotoluene occurs ortho to the methyl group and meta to the nitro group, which is the same position, resulting in a single product. However, if the directing effects of the two groups oppose each other, the more strongly...

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (S_NAr)

Nucleophilic substitution in aromatic compounds is feasible in substrates bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents positioned ortho or para to the leaving group. The reaction proceeds via two steps: the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group.
The reaction begins with an attack of the nucleophile on the carbon that holds the leaving group. This results in the delocalization of the π electrons over the ring carbons. The resonance interaction between the...

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic factors, steric factors also account...

Rate-Determining Steps

Rate-Determining Steps

Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...

SN1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

S_N1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

This lesson provides an in-depth discussion of the stereochemical outcomes in an SN1 reaction.
In the first step of an SN1 reaction, the bond between the electrophilic carbon and the leaving group ionizes to generate the carbocation intermediate. The second step of the mechanism is the nucleophilic attack.
In the formed carbocation, the positively charged carbon is sp2 hybridized with a trigonal planar geometry. As all the three substituents lie on the same plane, a plane of symmetry for the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Salt forms of the monoazo dye Mordant Orange 1.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Structural chemistry·2026

Same author

Prognostic risk score for end-stage kidney disease in Latin American lupus nephritis: Integrating clinical and histological data.

Lupus·2026

Same author

Comparisons and Contrasts in a Complete Set of Alkali Metal Cumyl Structures.

Inorganic chemistry·2026

Same author

Crystallographic and computational investigation of a bent-core Schiff base Ni(ii) complex with DNA and protein binding studies.

RSC advances·2026

Same author

Salt forms of a thioamide: protonation of 1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)thiourea.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Structural chemistry·2026

Same author

Plasma Exchange in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis With Kidney Involvement: Differential Outcomes by Kidney Function in a Colombian Cohort.

Journal of clinical apheresis·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

Redetermination of 4-nitro-stilbene.

Rodolfo Moreno-Fuquen, Lina Aguirre, Alan R Kennedy

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This study precisely redetermined the crystal structure of a nitro-substituted organic compound, revealing detailed molecular geometry and intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. The findings enhance our understanding of crystal packing and molecular assembly in organic solids.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Accurate crystal structure determination is crucial for understanding molecular properties and interactions.
Previous studies may lack the precision required for detailed analysis of subtle structural features.

Purpose of the Study:

To perform a high-precision redetermination of the crystal structure of C(14)H(11)NO(2).
To elucidate the precise molecular geometry, including dihedral angles and bond rotations.
To identify and characterize intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Precise structural refinement.
Analysis of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Published on: November 30, 2022

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Published on: November 30, 2022

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Main Results:

The dihedral angle between the benzene rings was determined to be 8.42(6)°.
The nitro group exhibited a rotation of 5.84(12)° relative to the attached benzene ring.
Molecules are linked via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming specific ring motifs (C(5), C(13), R(3)(3)(28)).

Conclusions:

The redetermined crystal structure provides a significantly more precise description compared to prior work.
The identified hydrogen bonding network dictates the crystal packing and supramolecular architecture.
This detailed structural information is valuable for predicting and understanding the physical and chemical properties of the compound.