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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent01:23

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the substituent's name as a prefix to the parent benzene. For example, halobenzene, where the halogen could be fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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N-Butyl-4-chloro-benzamide.

Aamer Saeed, Rasheed Ahmad Khera, Naeem Abbas

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study analyzes a benzamide derivative

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Benzamide derivatives are important in medicinal chemistry and materials science.
    • Understanding the crystal structure of novel derivatives is key to predicting their properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of a specific benzamide derivative (C(11)H(14)ClNO).
    • To investigate the role of hydrogen bonding and other weak interactions in the molecular assembly.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular interactions (hydrogen bonds, Cl...Cl, C-H...O, C-H...π).

    Main Results:

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    • The chloro-benzene and butyl-amine groups exhibit planarity with a small dihedral angle.
    • N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form molecular rows, while short Cl⋯Cl interactions create sheets.
    • A 3D network is formed through additional weak C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π interactions.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure reveals specific planar groups and significant intermolecular interactions.
    • Hydrogen bonding and halogen interactions dictate the packing and network formation in the solid state.
    • This detailed structural analysis provides a foundation for understanding the chemical behavior and potential applications of this benzamide derivative.