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Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...

Carbocations

Carbocations

Carbocations are one of the reaction intermediates formed during several nucleophilic substitutions or elimination reactions. A carbocation is an electron-deficient species with the central carbon atom having six electrons and three bonded atoms. The central carbon in a carbocation is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar geometry. It has an empty p orbital perpendicular to the plane of the structure that can accept electrons. Thus, carbocations act as strong electrophiles and may react with any...

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest hydrocarbon chain containing the –COOH carbon is identified as the parent chain. Then, the last -e of the parent hydrocarbon name is replaced with a suffix -oic acid.

Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism

Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism

Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers have the substituents on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomers have the substituents on the opposite sides. These stereoisomers exhibit different physical properties and cannot be interconverted without breaking the carbon-carbon bonds.
In cyclohexane, the substituents can occupy different positions generating distinct isomers.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Scale-up Chemical Synthesis of Thermally-activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on the Dibenzothiophene-S,S-Dioxide Core

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Published on: October 24, 2017

9-(2-Thien-yl)-9H-carbazole.

Xu-Liang Jiang, Feng-Rong Li, Ren-Hua Zheng

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This study analyzes the molecular structure of C(16)H(11)NS, detailing specific dihedral angles. These findings offer insights into the compound

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Molecular Structure Analysis

Background:

Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial.
The specific compound C(16)H(11)NS has potential applications in materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the precise dihedral angles within the C(16)H(11)NS molecule.
To characterize the spatial relationship between the fused ring system and the thienyl ring.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the molecular structure.
Dihedral angles were calculated based on the determined atomic coordinates.

Main Results:

The dihedral angles between the fused ring system and the pendant thienyl ring were precisely measured.

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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

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Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

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Published on: July 17, 2020

Two distinct dihedral angles of 86.37(5)° and 57.14(5)° were observed.

Conclusions:

The determined dihedral angles provide critical structural information for C(16)H(11)NS.
This structural data is essential for predicting the compound's physical and chemical properties and for further research.