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Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules01:29

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given structure by adding the contributions...
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The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers02:28

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Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
Based on their attached substituent groups, ethers can be classified into two...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

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Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes/Solvatochromic Dyes
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1,2,3,4-Tetra-hydro-1,4-methano-naphthalene-2,3-diol.

Jian Xu1, Hao Xu, Ji-Cai Quan

  • 1College of Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Xinmofan Road No. 5, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of a Varenicline intermediate, C(11)H(12)O(2), reveals specific hydrogen bonding. These bonds form ring motifs and link molecules into chains, aiding in understanding its chemical properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Crystallography
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Varenicline is a prescription medication used for smoking cessation.
  • Understanding the chemical properties of intermediates is crucial for drug synthesis.
  • Crystal structure analysis provides detailed molecular information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the crystal structure of the intermediate compound C(11)H(12)O(2).
  • To identify and describe hydrogen bonding patterns within the crystal lattice.
  • To provide structural insights relevant to the synthesis of Varenicline.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of intermolecular and intramolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds.
  • Topological analysis of hydrogen bond networks.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of C(11)H(12)O(2) was successfully elucidated.
  • An intramolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond forming an S(5) ring was identified.
  • Intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were observed, forming centrosymmetric dimers and extended chains along the a axis.

Conclusions:

  • The determined crystal structure provides a detailed molecular-level understanding of the Varenicline intermediate.
  • The identified hydrogen bonding patterns are key structural features influencing the compound's solid-state properties.
  • This structural data can inform and optimize synthetic routes for Varenicline.