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Related Concept Videos

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

6.7K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

5.5K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
5.5K
SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

10.3K
Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
10.3K
SN2 Reaction: Mechanism02:27

SN2 Reaction: Mechanism

17.5K
The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...
17.5K
SN2 Reaction: Transition State02:26

SN2 Reaction: Transition State

12.0K
An SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide is a single-step process in which bond formation between the nucleophile and the substrate and bond breaking between the substrate and the halide occurs simultaneously through a transition state without forming an intermediate.
When the nucleophile approaches the electrophilic carbon with its lone pairs, the halide acts as a leaving group and moves away with the electron-pair bonded to the carbon. Dotted partial bonds represent the bonds being formed or broken...
12.0K
SN2 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:23

SN2 Reaction: Stereochemistry

11.8K
In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophilic attack on the substrate and departure of the leaving group occurs simultaneously through a transition state. As the nucleophile approaches the substrate from the back-side, the configuration of the substrate carbon changes from tetrahedral to trigonal bipyramidal and then back to tetrahedral, leading to an inversion in the configuration of the product.
If the substrate is an achiral molecule at the α-carbon, the inversion of configuration is not...
11.8K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations
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Perhydro-benzimidazole-2-thione.

Yingchun Liu1, Xiaoyu Li

  • 1Department of Biomedicine, Zhongshan Torch Polytechnic, Zhongshan 528436, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals the crystal structure of C(7)H(12)N(2)S, a racemic mixture of S,S and R,R isomers. Molecules form chains via intermolecular hydrogen bonds, with significant atomic disorder observed.

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Chemical structure analysis

Background:

  • Understanding molecular arrangements in crystals is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • Racemic mixtures present unique challenges and opportunities in structural studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystal structure of the title compound C(7)H(12)N(2)S.
  • To investigate the isomeric composition and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
  • Space group determination and refinement.
  • Analysis of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding.

Main Results:

  • The compound crystallizes as a racemic mixture of S,S and R,R isomers.

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  • The crystal structure belongs to the space group P2(1)/m.
  • Significant atomic disorder (1:1 ratio) was observed for most atoms.
  • Molecules are organized into chains along the [010] direction through N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds.

    • Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure provides insights into the solid-state behavior of this racemic compound.
    • The observed hydrogen bonding network dictates the supramolecular architecture.
    • The disorder highlights the symmetry elements present in the crystal packing.