Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

The electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides such as HBr to alkenes and nonconjugated dienes gives a single product as per Markovnikov’s rule.

Preparation of Epoxides

Preparation of Epoxides

Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Heterogeneous Indirect Redox Electrocatalysis in Electrolyte.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026

Same author

Beneficial Herb-Drug Interaction of Shenqi Oral Liquid on Atorvastatin: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Investigation in Rats with Hyperlipidemia.

Chinese journal of integrative medicine·2026

Same author

Condition-Controlled Divergent Synthesis Sulfur-Containing Ester Derivatives from 3<i>H</i>-Benzo[<i>c</i>][1,2]dithiol-3-one and 3-Arylprop-2-yn-1-ols.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2026

Same author

Molecular Junction Polyoxotungstate-based Copper-Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025

Same author

[Exploration of pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of Jinbei Oral Liquid against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and network pharmacology].

Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica·2025

Same author

Precise control of selective nitrogen atom insertion into five-membered cyclic β-ketoesters.

Nature communications·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

(E)-N'-[1-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)ethyl-idene]-2-hydroxy-benzohydrazide.

Man-Lin Li, Xianqiang Huang, Ruo-Kun Feng

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a chlorinated organic compound, C(15)H(13)ClN(2)O(2). It reveals a near-planar configuration between its benzene rings and specific hydrogen bonding patterns influencing molecular arrangement.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Molecular Structure

Background:

Understanding molecular interactions is crucial in organic chemistry.
Crystal structure analysis provides insights into intermolecular forces.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(15)H(13)ClN(2)O(2).
To investigate the dihedral angle between benzene rings and hydrogen bonding characteristics.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of bond lengths, angles, and intermolecular interactions.

Main Results:

The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings in C(15)H(13)ClN(2)O(2) was found to be 7.0(1)°.
An intramolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond was identified.
Intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were observed, forming chains along the [001] direction.

Conclusions:

The title compound exhibits a nearly planar conformation between its aromatic rings.
Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in the self-assembly of these molecules in the solid state.
The findings contribute to the understanding of structure-property relationships in organic solids.