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IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.
Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.

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A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
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A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Published on: May 27, 2014

2-[(4-Methyl-benzo-yl)hydrazono]-propionic acid monohydrate.

Hon Wee Wong1, Kong Mun Lo, Seik Weng Ng

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study explores the structure of 2-[(4-methyl-benzo-yl)hydrazono]-propionic acid monohydrate. The researchers focused on how a water molecule interacts with other parts of the compound. They found that the water molecule forms hydrogen bonds with both amide and carbonyl groups. These interactions create a layered structure in the crystal lattice. The layers are aligned along the ab plane. The study provides new insights into how hydration affects the organization of molecules in organic crystals. The findings may help scientists better understand the properties of similar compounds.

Keywords:
Hydrogen bondingCrystal structureOrganic crystallographyMolecular interactions

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography and Structural Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

Understanding molecular structures and their hydrogen-bonding interactions is central to crystallography and organic chemistry. Prior research has shown that hydrogen bonds significantly influence the arrangement of molecules in solid-state compounds. However, the specific role of water molecules in mediating these interactions remains an open question. No prior work had resolved the exact hydrogen-bonding network involving a water molecule and multiple functional groups in a single compound. This gap motivated the current investigation into the structural properties of 2-[(4-methyl-benzo-yl)hydrazono]-propionic acid monohydrate. The study aimed to clarify how a water molecule interacts with both amide and carbonyl groups in a layered crystal structure. By focusing on this compound, the researchers sought to expand the understanding of hydrogen-bonding patterns in organic crystals. The work builds on established knowledge of hydrogen bonding but introduces a novel configuration involving a water molecule. This compound provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of hydration on crystal lattice formation.

Purpose Of The Study:

The purpose of the study was to investigate the hydrogen-bonding interactions in 2-[(4-methyl-benzo-yl)hydrazono]-propionic acid monohydrate. The researchers aimed to determine how the water molecule in the compound contributes to the crystal structure. They focused on the roles of the water molecule as both a donor and acceptor in hydrogen bonding. This compound was selected for its potential to reveal new insights into hydrogen-bonding networks. The study sought to clarify the structural implications of these interactions. By analyzing the crystal structure, the researchers hoped to identify the specific bonding patterns. The goal was to understand how the water molecule influences the arrangement of acid molecules. This work addresses a gap in the understanding of hydration effects in organic crystals.

Main Methods:

The study employed crystallographic analysis to determine the structure of the title compound. X-ray diffraction techniques were used to obtain detailed structural data. The researchers focused on identifying hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the water molecule. They examined the distances and angles between functional groups and the water molecule. The crystal structure was analyzed to determine the layer formation and its orientation. The ab plane was identified as the direction of the layers in the crystal lattice. The study also involved characterizing the roles of the water molecule as a donor and acceptor. The analysis included examining the interactions between the water molecule and the acid molecules.

Main Results:

The water molecule in the compound acts as a hydrogen-bond donor to the double-bond amide and carbonyl oxygen atoms of two acid molecules. It also functions as a hydrogen-bond acceptor to the acid -OH and amide -NH- groups. These interactions lead to the formation of a layer structure within the crystal lattice. The layers are oriented parallel to the ab plane of the crystal structure. The hydrogen-bonding network is crucial to the stability of the layered arrangement. The distances and angles between the water molecule and functional groups were measured precisely. The study confirmed the specific roles of the water molecule in the hydrogen-bonding interactions. These findings provide new insights into the structural properties of the compound.

Conclusions:

The study confirms the role of the water molecule in mediating hydrogen-bonding interactions in the title compound. The water molecule acts as both a donor and acceptor in the hydrogen-bonding network. The resulting layer structure is parallel to the ab plane of the crystal lattice. The interactions involving the water molecule are essential to the stability of the crystal structure. The findings align with the authors' stated goal of understanding hydrogen-bonding patterns. The study contributes to the broader understanding of hydration effects in organic crystals. The authors suggest that these interactions may influence the physical properties of the compound. The results provide a foundation for further investigations into similar hydrogen-bonding networks.

The compound forms a layer structure with layers parallel to the ab plane due to hydrogen-bonding interactions involving a water molecule.

The water molecule acts as a hydrogen-bond donor to the double-bond amide and carbonyl oxygen atoms of two acid molecules.

The ab plane is the direction of the layers in the crystal lattice, indicating the orientation of the hydrogen-bonding network.

The water molecule accepts hydrogen bonds from the acid -OH and amide -NH- groups.

The distances and angles confirm the specific hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the water molecule and functional groups.

The findings suggest that hydration effects significantly influence the arrangement of molecules in organic crystals.