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Related Concept Videos

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction00:59

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.
Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes02:36

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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Published on: January 19, 2016

Methyl 4-but-oxy-3-methoxy-benzoate.

Min Zhang1, Ran-Zhe Lu, Lu-Na Han

  • 1College of Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Xinmofan Road No. 5 Nanjing, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details a chemical intermediate, C(13)H(18)O(4), crucial for synthesizing quinazoline derivatives. Crystal structure analysis reveals its near-planar molecular geometry due to specific torsion angles.

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Quinazoline derivatives are important in medicinal chemistry.
  • The synthesis of complex organic molecules often requires specific intermediate compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the crystal structure of a novel intermediate compound.
  • To understand the molecular geometry of C(13)H(18)O(4) relevant to quinazoline synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed for structural analysis.
  • Torsion angles were precisely measured to determine molecular conformation.

Main Results:

  • The compound C(13)H(18)O(4) was identified as an intermediate in quinazoline derivative synthesis.
  • Crystal structure analysis indicated near-planarity, with key torsion angles (benzene-butoxy and benzene-methoxycarbonyl) approaching 180° (175.3(2)° and 175.2(2)°, respectively).

Conclusions:

  • The determined molecular geometry provides insights into the reactivity and synthetic utility of this intermediate.
  • The near-planar structure is a key characteristic for its role in the synthesis of quinazoline-based compounds.