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Related Concept Videos

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.
Stability of Conjugated Dienes01:28

Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
A comparison of the enthalpies of hydrogenation of dienes reveals that conjugated dienes release less heat on hydrogenation, rendering them more stable than their nonconjugated analogs.
Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry01:29

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry

Diels–Alder reactions between cyclic dienes locked in an s-cis configuration and dienophiles yield bridged bicyclic products.
Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
19:58

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

Dibutyl 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxyl-ate.

Qianli Li, Rufen Zhang, Yang Shi

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a C(20)H(24)N(2)O(4) compound. Researchers found the molecule to be nearly planar and observed specific molecular stacking in its solid state.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular structure analysis
    • Organic chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular geometry and packing is crucial in solid-state chemistry.
    • The pyridine ring and carboxylate group are common functional groups in organic compounds.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound C(20)H(24)N(2)O(4).
    • To analyze the molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles provided insights into molecular geometry.

    Main Results:

    • The C(20)H(24)N(2)O(4) molecule was found to possess a center of symmetry and exhibit approximate planarity.

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    09:45

    Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

    Published on: April 27, 2017

  • A slight inclination between the carboxylate group and the pyridine ring was observed (dihedral angle of 4.37°).
  • Molecules were observed to form stacks with an inter-planar separation of 3.547 Å.

    • Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed structural characterization of the C(20)H(24)N(2)O(4) compound.
    • The observed planarity and molecular stacking suggest potential for specific solid-state properties.