Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO₂

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions

Phase I Reactions: Reductive Reactions

Phase I biotransformation reductive reactions are chemical processes that modify drugs by introducing or revealing polar functional groups via reduction. Enzymes called reductases catalyze these reactions, playing a pivotal role in drug metabolism by transforming lipophilic drugs into more polar, water-soluble metabolites for easy excretion. An essential type of reductive reaction is the carbonyl group reduction, where aldehydes and ketones are reduced to alcohols. An example is the...

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Exploring the interplay of electron density distribution and electrostatic potential in the interaction of nilutamide and flutamide with androgen receptors using quantum crystallography.

RSC advances·2026

Same author

Breaking the Zero Dimensional Illusion in Te(IV) Metal Halide Hybrids via Electronic Dimensionality Control.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2026

Same author

Supercooled Liquid Phases of Luminescent Zero Dimensional Metal Halide Hybrids.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2025

Same author

Effect of synthesis methods, biocompatibility and photoluminescence of scheelite type sodium lanthanide double tungstates.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Effect of the transition metal on the structure and order-disorder phase transition in layered hybrid metal halides (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>[MCl<sub>4</sub>] (M = Mn and Co).

Acta crystallographica Section B, Structural science, crystal engineering and materials·2025

Same author

Treatment Outcome of Using Guided Bone Regeneration for Bone Augmentation for the Placement of Dental Implants - A Systematic Review.

Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s

A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s

Published on: September 25, 2017

N-Phenyl-nicotinamide.

S Mohana Roopan, Venkatesha R Hathwar, A Sudheer Kumar

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of a novel organic compound reveals a significant dihedral angle between its phenyl and pyridine rings. Molecules self-assemble into chains through intermolecular hydrogen bonding, influencing solid-state architecture.

More Related Videos

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Published on: January 3, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s

A General Method for Detecting Nitrosamide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Nitrosamines by Cytochrome P450s

Published on: September 25, 2017

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Published on: January 3, 2018

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties.
Intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, play a key role in the self-assembly of molecules in the solid state.
The relationship between molecular structure and crystal packing influences material characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the precise crystal structure of the title compound, C(12)H(10)N(2)O.
To investigate the spatial arrangement and orientation of the phenyl and pyridine rings within the crystal lattice.
To identify and characterize the intermolecular interactions responsible for the observed crystal packing.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to collect diffraction data.
The crystal structure was solved and refined using standard crystallographic software.
Analysis of the crystal structure included the determination of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles.

Main Results:

The crystal structure of C(12)H(10)N(2)O was successfully elucidated.
A notable dihedral angle of 64.81(1)° was measured between the phenyl and pyridine ring systems.
Intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified, linking molecules into chains along the crystallographic b axis.

Conclusions:

The determined dihedral angle provides insight into the conformational preferences of the molecule in the solid state.
The observed hydrogen bonding network dictates the supramolecular architecture, forming one-dimensional chains.
This structural information is fundamental for understanding the compound's physical and chemical behavior.