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Related Concept Videos

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
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NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
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Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

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Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

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When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
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¹H NMR: Pople Notation

The Pople nomenclature system classifies spin systems based on the difference between their chemical shifts. Coupled spins are denoted by capital letters with subscripts indicating the number of equivalent nuclei. When the coupled nuclei have well-separated chemical shifts, they are assigned letters that are far apart in the alphabet, such as A and X. When the difference in chemical shifts is small, coupled nuclei are named using adjacent letters of the alphabet (AB, MN, or XY).
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4-(4-Nitro-phenoxy)biphen-yl.

Zareen Akhter, Toheed Akhter, Michael Bolte

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The study reveals the molecular structure of C(18)H(13)NO(3), showing near-planar biphenyl rings. A nitro-phenyl group exhibits significant twisting, impacting the molecule's overall conformation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Organic Chemistry
    • Crystallography

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular geometry is crucial for predicting chemical properties.
    • Biphenyl derivatives are common in pharmaceuticals and materials science.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the three-dimensional structure of the title compound, C(18)H(13)NO(3).
    • To analyze the conformational preferences and torsional angles within the molecule.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular structure.
    • Analysis of dihedral and torsional angles provided insights into the molecular conformation.

    Main Results:

    • The two phenyl rings of the biphenyl unit are nearly coplanar (dihedral angle 6.70°).
    • The nitro-phenyl ring is significantly twisted relative to the biphenyl core (dihedral angles 68.83° and 62.86°).
    • The nitro group itself is twisted by 12.1° out of its phenyl ring plane.

    Conclusions:

    • The title compound exhibits a non-planar, twisted conformation due to the nitro-phenyl substituent.
    • These structural findings provide a basis for understanding the compound's reactivity and physical properties.