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Related Concept Videos

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

2-[(4-Chloro-benzo-yl)-hydrazono]-propionic acid monohydrate.

Hon Wee Wong1, Kong Mun Lo, Seik Weng Ng

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates the crystal structure of a specific organic acid derivative and its interaction with water molecules. Using X-ray diffraction, the researchers found that the water molecule forms hydrogen bonds with two acid molecules. These bonds involve the water molecule donating to amide and carbonyl oxygen atoms and accepting from acid OH and amide hydrogen atoms. This interaction creates a two-dimensional array in the crystal lattice. The findings emphasize the structural role of water in molecular crystals and may guide future research on similar compounds.

Keywords:
2-[(4-chloro-benzo-yl)-hydrazono]-propionic acidHydrogen bondingCrystal structure analysisMolecular interactionsOrganic crystallography

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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Area of Science:

  • Organic crystallography
  • Hydrogen bonding in molecular structures
  • Crystal structure analysis

Background:

Understanding molecular interactions is central to crystallography. Prior research has shown that hydrogen bonds influence crystal packing and stability. However, the specific role of water molecules in such interactions remains underexplored. This gap motivated the current investigation into how water molecules interact with organic compounds. No prior work had resolved the detailed hydrogen-bonding patterns in substituted acid derivatives. Existing studies focus on general hydrogen-bonding principles but lack specificity for this class of compounds. The need for precise structural analysis drives this research. This paper addresses the need for detailed crystallographic data on such systems.

Purpose Of The Study:

The aim of this study is to determine the crystal structure of a specific organic acid derivative and its interaction with water molecules. The compound under investigation is 2-[(4-chloro-benzo-yl)-hydrazono]-propionic acid monohydrate. This compound contains a substituted benzoyl group and a propionic acid chain. The study focuses on hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the water molecule. The goal is to describe how the water molecule interacts with the acid molecules. This work contributes to understanding hydrogen-bonding patterns in organic crystals. The study also seeks to define the structural implications of these interactions. The findings may inform future work on similar compounds.

Main Methods:

The study employs single-crystal X-ray diffraction to determine the crystal structure. The compound was synthesized and crystallized under controlled conditions. The crystal was analyzed using X-ray diffraction techniques. The resulting data were processed to identify molecular and intermolecular interactions. The focus is on hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the water molecule. The analysis includes identifying donor and acceptor atoms in the hydrogen bonds. The study also examines how these interactions influence crystal packing. The results are interpreted in terms of structural and bonding characteristics.

Main Results:

The crystal structure reveals that the water molecule acts as a hydrogen-bond donor to two acid molecules. It donates hydrogen bonds to the amide and carbonyl oxygen atoms. The water molecule also serves as a hydrogen-bond acceptor from the acid OH group and amide hydrogen. These interactions form a two-dimensional array in the crystal lattice. The hydrogen-bonding network is critical to the crystal's stability. The study identifies specific bond lengths and angles in the hydrogen-bonding interactions. The water molecule is centrally involved in multiple hydrogen bonds. The findings highlight the role of water in crystal structure formation.

Conclusions:

The study confirms that the water molecule plays a dual role in hydrogen-bonding interactions. It donates bonds to amide and carbonyl oxygen atoms and accepts bonds from acid OH and amide hydrogen atoms. These interactions are essential to the crystal's structural arrangement. The two-dimensional array formed is a direct result of these hydrogen bonds. The findings align with the authors' stated goals of analyzing hydrogen-bonding patterns. The study does not propose new generalizations beyond the observed structure. The authors emphasize the importance of water in molecular crystallography. The results may guide future investigations into similar compounds.

The water molecule donates bonds to amide and carbonyl oxygen atoms and accepts bonds from acid OH and amide hydrogen atoms.

It forms hydrogen bonds with two acid molecules, creating a two-dimensional array in the crystal lattice.

The water molecule acts as both a donor and acceptor in hydrogen-bonding interactions, which is central to the crystal's stability.

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the compound's structure and hydrogen-bonding interactions.

The array is a structural feature formed by hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the water molecule and acid molecules.

The study highlights the role of water molecules in hydrogen-bonding networks, which may inform future crystal structure analyses.