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Related Concept Videos

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an alkylated β-keto acid.
Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

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Published on: January 19, 2016

Methyl (2'-hydroxy-biphenyl-2-yl-oxy)acetate.

Muhammad Rabnawaz, Burhan Khan, Muhammad Raza Shah

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study reveals consistent aromatic ring orientations and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in C(15)H(14)O(4) molecules. These findings highlight specific structural features and bonding patterns within the compound.

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    Area of Science:

    • Organic Chemistry
    • Crystallography

    Background:

    • Understanding the molecular structure and intermolecular interactions of organic compounds is crucial in chemistry.
    • C(15)H(14)O(4) is a compound with potential applications in materials science and drug discovery.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure and conformational preferences of C(15)H(14)O(4).
    • To investigate the presence and significance of intramolecular hydrogen bonding within the molecule.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure of the compound.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles provided insights into molecular geometry.

    Main Results:

    • Three independent molecules of C(15)H(14)O(4) were identified in the crystal structure.
    • Similar orientations of aromatic rings were observed, with dihedral angles ranging from 57.0(1)° to 58.2(1)°.
    • Intramolecular hydrogen bonds were formed between the hydroxyl group and the carbonyl oxygen atom, creating an S(10) ring motif in each molecule.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(15)H(14)O(4) exhibits a high degree of conformational similarity among independent molecules.
    • The formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds plays a significant role in stabilizing the molecular conformation.