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Related Concept Videos

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations01:17

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations

The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic acid with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of water and sodium acetate. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate constitutes a buffer whose relative concentration at different stages of the titration is indicated by the α values, which represent percentages of the weak acid and its conjugate base.
The α0 and α1 values represent the...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
A graph with the alpha values is plotted against the volume of base added during titration. Here, a...
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
14:18

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Published on: May 27, 2014

4-Acetyl-pyridine-fumaric acid (2/1).

Kan Xu, Bing-Yu Zhang, Jing-Jing Nie

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a cocrystal formed between 2-(7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin) and fumaric acid. The analysis reveals fumaric acid symmetry generated by an inversion center and a key hydrogen bond linking the components.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Supramolecular Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Cocrystal formation is a key strategy for modifying the physical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients and other organic molecules.
    • Understanding the intermolecular interactions within cocrystals is crucial for designing materials with desired characteristics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the cocrystal formed between 2-(7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin) and fumaric acid.
    • To characterize the intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding, within this cocrystal.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure of the cocrystal.
    • Analysis of the crystal structure involved identifying symmetry elements and hydrogen bonding networks.

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    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
    11:01

    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

    Published on: November 23, 2016

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    Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

    A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
    14:18

    A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

    Published on: May 27, 2014

    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
    11:01

    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

    Published on: November 23, 2016

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of 2-(7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin)·fumaric acid (2C(7)H(7)NO·C(4)H(4)O(4)) was successfully determined.
    • A crystallographic inversion center generates the complete fumaric acid molecule within the crystal lattice.
    • The two components of the cocrystal are interconnected via a significant O-H⋯N hydrogen bond.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure provides fundamental insights into the packing and interactions of this specific cocrystal.
    • The identified O-H⋯N hydrogen bond plays a critical role in stabilizing the cocrystal structure.
    • This structural information can guide the design of novel cocrystals with tailored properties.