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Related Concept Videos

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
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Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
08:30

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Published on: March 19, 2017

Bis(3-hydroxy-pyridinium) fumarate.

Lan Shen, Jun-Hua Li, Jing-Jing Nie

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a compound formed by 3-hydroxy-pyridinium cations and fumarate dianions. Hydrogen bonds link these components, revealing a specific twisted orientation between the cation and anion.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Materials Science
    • Chemical Physics

    Background:

    • Understanding the precise arrangement of molecules in crystalline solids is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Investigating supramolecular structures formed by organic cations and anions provides insights into intermolecular interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine and describe the crystal structure of the compound formed by 3-hydroxy-pyridinium cations and fumarate dianions.
    • To elucidate the hydrogen bonding network and the relative orientation of the cation and anion.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to collect diffraction data.
    • The crystal structure was solved and refined using standard crystallographic software.

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    Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
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    Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
    04:51

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    Published on: June 23, 2023

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure consists of 3-hydroxy-pyridinium cations and fumarate dianions.
    • The fumarate dianion is situated at an inversion center.
    • Hydrogen bonds (O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O) were identified between the cation and anion, with the cation exhibiting a twist of 24.83° relative to the anion.

    Conclusions:

    • The study successfully characterized the crystal structure, highlighting the specific hydrogen bonding interactions.
    • The observed structural features, including the cation-anion twist, provide a basis for understanding the compound's solid-state behavior.