Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction00:59

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

New lanthanide complexes containing maltol and bipyridine ligands: Synthesis, solid state characterization, experimental and computational spectroscopic studies and their cytotoxic activities.

Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy·2026
Same author

Ionic Liquid-Mediated Modulation of Zwitterionic Micelles and Their Catalytic Performance in the Decarboxylation of 6‑NBIC.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Influence of Imidazole Substituent Bulkiness on [CuI(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>N] Complexes with TADF Blue Solid-State Emission.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

An Optimization Approach for the Production of High-Purity Vitamin C‑Nicotinamide Cocrystals by the Gas Antisolvent (GAS) Technique with CO<sub>2</sub> and Ethanol.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Structural influences on the oxidation and anticancer activities of dicopper(II) complexes containing different selenium and sulfur ligands.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2025
Same author

Time-Resolved Study of Light-Induced Ground-State Proton Transfer from an Acidic Medium to 4‑Nitrophenolate.

ACS physical chemistry Au·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

2-All-yloxy-5-nitro-benzoic acid.

Valquiria B N Ferreira1, Haidi D Fiedler, Faruk Nome

  • 1Depto. de Química-UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a C(10)H(9)NO(5) compound, revealing its near-planar molecular geometry. Molecules form dimers via hydrogen bonds, influenced by electronic and strain effects in the aromatic ring.

More Related Videos

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
14:18

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Published on: May 27, 2014

Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides
08:46

Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides

Published on: July 26, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
14:18

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Published on: May 27, 2014

Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides
08:46

Regioselective O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides via the Temporary 2',3'-Diol Protection by a Boronic Ester for the Synthesis of Disaccharide Nucleosides

Published on: July 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Molecular Structure

Background:

  • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting chemical properties and reactivity.
  • Ortho-substituted benzene derivatives often exhibit unique structural features due to steric and electronic interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the precise molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions of the title compound, C(10)H(9)NO(5).
  • To investigate the influence of ortho-substitution on bond lengths and planarity within the aromatic ring.
  • To characterize the hydrogen bonding network in the crystalline state.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles provided insights into molecular geometry.
  • Identification of intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonds, was performed.

Main Results:

  • The molecule of C(10)H(9)NO(5) is approximately planar, with specific rotational angles for the nitro, carboxyl, and all-yloxy groups relative to the benzene ring (8.1°, 7.9°, and 4.5°, respectively).
  • Bond lengths within the aromatic ring are affected by electronic factors and strain from ortho-substitution.
  • Centrosymmetrically related molecules form dimers through strong O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds in the crystal lattice.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure of C(10)H(9)NO(5) exhibits a near-planar conformation with distinct group orientations.
  • Ortho-substitution significantly impacts the aromatic ring's electronic distribution and strain.
  • The formation of hydrogen-bonded dimers is a key feature of the compound's solid-state structure.