Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...

Preparation of Amides

Preparation of Amides

Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acids with a different functional group. The most common carboxylic acid derivatives are:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

In vivo roles for myosin phosphatase targeting subunit-1 phosphorylation sites T694 and T852 in bladder smooth muscle contraction.

The Journal of physiology·2014

Same author

High-temperature cultivation of recombinant Pichia pastoris increases endoplasmic reticulum stress and decreases production of human interleukin-10.

Microbial cell factories·2014

Same author

Metabolic engineering of strains: from industrial-scale to lab-scale chemical production.

Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology·2014

Same author

Inhibition of histone deacetylase by butyrate protects rat liver from ischemic reperfusion injury.

International journal of molecular sciences·2014

Same author

[Determination of arsenic speciation in Scomberomorus niphonius by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry].

Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu·2014

Same author

Regulation of CRADD-caspase 2 cascade by histone deacetylase 1 in gastric cancer.

American journal of translational research·2014

Same journal

Crystal structure of 1-(piperidin-1-yl)butane-1,3-dione.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

Same journal

Crystal structure of methyl 1-methyl-3,5-diphenyl-7-tosyl-3,6,7,11b-tetra-hydro-pyrazolo-[4',3':5,6]pyrano[3,4-c]quinoline-5a(5H)-carboxyl-ate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

Same journal

Crystal structure of 4-amino-1-(4-methyl-benz-yl)pyridinium bromide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

Same journal

Crystal structure of (Z)-3-benz-yloxy-6-[(2-hy-droxy-anilino)methyl-idene]cyclo-hexa-2,4-dien-1-one.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

Same journal

Crystal structure of bis-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole) perchloric acid monosolvate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

Same journal

Crystal structure of 2-(di-phenyl-phos-phanyl)phenyl 4-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)benzoate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

2-Chloro-N,N-diphenyl-acetamide.

Shuai Shao¹, Jie Sun

¹College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing University of Technology, Xinmofan Road No. 5 Nanjing, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of a novel chloro-substituted acetamide compound (C14H12ClNO) was determined. Its molecular geometry reveals specific dihedral angles between the central acetamide plane and the two phenyl rings.

More Related Videos

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Published on: January 26, 2016

Production and Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Mimics

Production and Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Mimics

Published on: April 10, 2026

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Development of a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Library as Potential Antiparasitic Therapeutics Using Microwave Irradiation

Published on: January 26, 2016

Production and Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Mimics

Production and Testing of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Mimics

Published on: April 10, 2026

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Molecular Structure

Background:

Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
Acetamide derivatives are important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure and molecular geometry of the title compound, C14H12ClNO.
To provide precise crystallographic data on the spatial arrangement of its constituent planes.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the molecular structure.
Geometric parameters, including dihedral angles, were calculated from the crystallographic data.

Main Results:

The crystal structure of C14H12ClNO was successfully determined.
The central acetamide plane exhibited dihedral angles of 76.0(2)° and 64.0(2)° with the two phenyl rings.
A dihedral angle of 71.8(2)° was observed between the two phenyl rings.

Conclusions:

The title compound adopts a non-planar conformation in the solid state.
The observed dihedral angles provide insights into the steric and electronic interactions within the molecule.
This structural information can guide further synthetic modifications and applications.