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Related Concept Videos

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)01:30

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)

Nucleophilic substitution in aromatic compounds is feasible in substrates bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents positioned ortho or para to the leaving group. The reaction proceeds via two steps: the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group.
The reaction begins with an attack of the nucleophile on the carbon that holds the leaving group. This results in the delocalization of the π electrons over the ring carbons. The resonance interaction between the...
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
11:01

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

4-Acetamido-3-nitro-phenyl acetate.

Zhun Gu, Wei Cheng

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the title compound form five- and six-membered rings. Intermolecular interactions link molecules into chains in the crystal structure, revealing key molecular packing details.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Intramolecular hydrogen bonds influence molecular conformation and stability.
    • Crystal packing dictates bulk material characteristics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the intramolecular and intermolecular interactions within the title compound, C(10)H(10)N(2)O(5).
    • To characterize the conformational preferences and crystal structure of the molecule.
    • To elucidate the role of C-H···O interactions in molecular assembly.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond distances, angles, and dihedral angles provided conformational insights.

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    Direct Detection of the Acetate-forming Activity of the Enzyme Acetate Kinase

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    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
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    Published on: November 23, 2016

    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

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  • Identification and analysis of intermolecular interactions, specifically C-H···O bonds.

    • Main Results:

    • The molecule exhibits intramolecular C-H···O interactions forming a planar five-membered ring and a twist-conformation six-membered ring.
    • The five-membered ring shows a dihedral angle of 0.34(3)° relative to the aromatic ring plane.
    • Intermolecular C-H···O interactions were observed, leading to the formation of molecular chains in the crystal lattice.

    Conclusions:

    • The study reveals the significant role of C-H···O interactions in stabilizing the molecular conformation and directing crystal packing.
    • The observed ring formations and chain structures provide insights into the supramolecular assembly of the title compound.
    • These findings contribute to the understanding of structure-property relationships in organic crystalline materials.