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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

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N'-(Phenyl-sulfon-yl)isonicotinohydrazide monohydrate.

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Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a novel compound, C(12)H(11)N(3)O(3)S·H(2)O. The research highlights specific molecular arrangements and hydrogen bonding that stabilize its crystal packing.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Chemical Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • The specific compound C(12)H(11)N(3)O(3)S·H(2)O has not been previously characterized in detail.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in molecular self-assembly and crystal lattice stabilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(12)H(11)N(3)O(3)S·H(2)O.
  • To analyze the spatial relationship between the pyridine and phenyl rings within the molecule.
  • To identify and characterize intra-molecular and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic coordinates and unit cell parameters.
  • Crystallographic data analysis was performed to obtain bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles.
  • Analysis of non-covalent interactions, specifically hydrogen bonds, was conducted using geometric criteria.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of C(12)H(11)N(3)O(3)S·H(2)O was successfully determined.
  • A dihedral angle of 24.78(14)° was measured between the pyridine and phenyl rings.
  • Intra-molecular N-H⋯O and inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified and confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • The determined crystal structure provides a fundamental understanding of the molecular geometry of C(12)H(11)N(3)O(3)S·H(2)O.
  • The observed dihedral angle indicates a specific torsional conformation between the aromatic rings.
  • The identified hydrogen bonding network is essential for the stability and packing of the crystal structure.