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Weak Base Solutions

Weak Base Solutions

Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...

Structure of Amines

Structure of Amines

The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines

The secondary and tertiary amines are derivatives of ammonia, where two and three of its hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups, respectively. Secondary and tertiary amines can be symmetrical with identical alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom or unsymmetrical when more than one type of alkyl group is present. The standard nomenclature of secondary and tertiary amines is similar to the names given to the primary amines. They are generally named alkylamines. As depicted in Figure 1, for...

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...

Polyprotic Acids

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:

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Related Experiment Video

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

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3-Ammonio-4-hydroxy-benzoate monohydrate.

Sami Ullah, M Nawaz Tahir, Durre Shahwar

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel compound was extracted from the Saussurea atkinsonii plant. Its crystal structure reveals specific molecular arrangements stabilized by hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions.

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Area of Science:

Phytochemistry
Crystallography
Medicinal Botany

Background:

The Asteraceae family includes numerous plant species with diverse chemical constituents.
Saussurea atkinsonii is a plant species found in the hilly regions of Pakistan.
Natural product extraction and characterization are crucial for discovering new compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

To isolate and characterize a novel compound from Saussurea atkinsonii.
To determine the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of the isolated compound.

Main Methods:

Extraction of the title compound from Saussurea atkinsonii.
Crystallization of the compound as a hydrate.
X-ray diffraction analysis to determine crystal structure and molecular geometry.

Main Results:

The title compound, C(7)H(7)NO(3)·H(2)O, was successfully isolated and crystallized.
The crystal structure analysis revealed a dihedral angle of 25.64° between the benzene ring and the carboxylate group.
Intermolecular interactions including N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking, and C=O⋯π interactions were identified.

Conclusions:

The study successfully identified and characterized a new compound from Saussurea atkinsonii.
The crystal structure provides insights into the molecular packing and stabilizing forces within the crystal lattice.
This research contributes to the understanding of the chemical diversity within the Asteraceae family.