Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

Birch reduction uses solvated electrons as reducing agents. The reaction converts benzene to 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The reaction proceeds by the transfer of a single electron to the ring to form a benzene radical anion. This anion is highly basic—it abstracts a proton from the alcohol to form a cyclohexadienyl radical. Another single electron transfer gives the cyclohexadienyl anion. A proton transfer from the alcohol forms 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Since this reduction occurs via radical anion...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Skipping rope and pamphlet intervention to promote physical activity among young adolescents in South Africa: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Trials·2026

Same author

Systematic adaptation of a visual-aided adolescent nutrition intervention from peri-urban Burkina Faso for rural Uganda using intervention mapping.

BMC public health·2026

Same author

Promoting Adolescent and Youth Health Through Physical Activity Initiatives and Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa: The ARISE-NUTRINT and DASH Initiatives.

International journal of public health·2025

Same author

Lay health worker-delivered and technology-based interventions for sexual and reproductive health among adolescents and young adults in low- and middle-income countries: protocol for a scoping review.

BMJ open·2025

Same author

Community-based interventions addressing multiple forms of malnutrition among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review.

Nutrition journal·2025

Same author

Effectiveness of a comic book intervention on mental health literacy among adolescents and youth in Burkina Faso: a randomized controlled trial protocol.

BMC public health·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

4,7-Diaza-1-azoniacyclo-nonane bromide.

Thorsten Allscher¹, Peter Klüfers, Christine Neumann

¹Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Department Chemie und Biochemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

The study details the bromide salt of monoprotonated 1,4,7-triaza-cyclo-nonane (tacn). It reveals intramolecular hydrogen bonding and direct cation-anion contacts involving bromide ions.

More Related Videos

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

Published on: July 28, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

Published on: July 28, 2022

Area of Science:

Coordination Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry
Chemical Crystallography

Background:

1,4,7-triaza-cyclo-nonane (tacn) is a macrocyclic triamine with a C3 symmetry.
Protonation of tacn disrupts its symmetry and influences its coordination properties.
Hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the self-assembly and structural organization of molecular compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the structural and bonding features of the monoprotonated tacn bromide salt.
To investigate the role of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure.
To understand cation-anion interactions in this macrocyclic ammonium salt.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the molecular structure.
Hydrogen bond analysis was performed to identify and quantify N-H···Br interactions.
Spectroscopic methods may have been used for characterization (though not explicitly stated in the abstract).

Main Results:

The compound was identified as the bromide salt of monoprotonated 1,4,7-triaza-cyclo-nonane (tacnH+Br-).
Protonation breaks the threefold symmetry of the tacn ligand.
The ammonium proton forms a bifurcated intramolecular hydrogen bond to two endodentate amine nitrogens.
Direct N-H···Br hydrogen bonds link tacnH+ cations and Br- anions, establishing cation-anion contacts.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure reveals specific hydrogen bonding patterns that stabilize the monoprotonated tacn cation.
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding influences the conformation of the protonated macrocycle.
The study highlights the importance of hydrogen bonding in organizing ionic macrocyclic compounds.