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Related Concept Videos

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

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Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and...
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Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

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Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of...
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Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

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Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

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Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
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(2-Methyl-3-nitro-phen-yl)methanol.

Jian-Hong Zhang1, You-Sheng Chen, Xi Wang

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of C(8)H(9)NO(3), revealing two independent molecules with a significant dihedral angle between their aromatic rings. The molecules form chains through intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the crystal lattice.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Molecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding molecular arrangements is crucial in chemistry.
  • Crystal structure analysis provides insights into intermolecular forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(8)H(9)NO(3).
  • To analyze the spatial arrangement and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of crystallographic data to identify molecular conformation and hydrogen bonding.

Main Results:

  • The asymmetric unit contains two crystallographically independent molecules.
  • A dihedral angle of 83.29(3)° was observed between the aromatic rings of the independent molecules.
  • Intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified, linking molecules into chains.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure of C(8)H(9)NO(3) is characterized by specific molecular orientations and hydrogen bonding patterns.
  • These findings contribute to the understanding of solid-state molecular assembly for this compound.