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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
11:01

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

N'-(4-Hydroxy-benzyl-idene)aceto-hydrazide monohydrate.

Lu-Ping Lv, Tie-Ming Yu, Wen-Bo Yu

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of acetohydrazide monohydrate, revealing a nearly planar molecular skeleton. The compound forms a 3D network through various hydrogen bonds and C-H interactions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular structure determination
    • Supramolecular chemistry

    Background:

    • Acetohydrazide is a versatile organic compound with applications in synthesis.
    • Understanding the solid-state structure is crucial for predicting chemical properties and reactivity.
    • Hydrated forms of organic molecules often exhibit unique packing arrangements and intermolecular interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of acetohydrazide monohydrate.
    • To analyze the molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.
    • To characterize the hydrogen bonding network and other non-covalent interactions present.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Geometric parameters such as bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles were analyzed.
    • Intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds and C-H···π interactions, were identified and quantified.

    Main Results:

    • The acetohydrazide molecule in the title compound is nearly planar, with a trans configuration around the C=N bond.
    • A dihedral angle of 9.975(8)° was observed between the ring and the side chain.
    • The crystal packing features a 3D network formed by acetohydrazide and water molecules linked via N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O, and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, along with a C-H⋯π interaction.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of acetohydrazide monohydrate has been successfully determined.
    • The study highlights the significant role of hydrogen bonding in stabilizing the supramolecular architecture.
    • The findings provide valuable insights into the solid-state behavior and intermolecular interactions of acetohydrazide.