Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Anesthesia Care, Complications, and Airway Management for Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A Retrospective Chart Review From a Quaternary Children's Hospital.

Anesthesia and analgesia·2026
Same author

Postanesthesia Apnea in Former Preterm and Term Infants: A Qualitative Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Anesthesiology·2026
Same author

Core Outcome Sets for Pediatric Perioperative Research: An International Stakeholder Engagement Exercise and Consensus Report from the Pediatric Perioperative Outcomes Group.

Anesthesiology·2025
Same author

Optimal Dose of Intranasal Midazolam for Procedural Sedation in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA pediatrics·2025
Same author

A dose-ranging pilot trial of dexmedetomidine-propofol in children undergoing magnetic resonance imaging.

Journal of anesthesia·2025
Same author

The impact of surgical and medical treatment on headaches in pediatric patients with Chiari malformation type I.

Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure
15:18

Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

Published on: July 30, 2009

Pediatric sedation--evolution and revolution.

Joseph P Cravero1, Jeana E Havidich

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Medical School/Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. Joseph.P.Cravero@hitchcock.org

Paediatric Anaesthesia
|May 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric sedation is evolving with new drugs like propofol and dexmedetomidine, updated adverse event definitions, and advanced training methods such as human patient simulation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure
15:18

Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

Published on: July 30, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric medicine
  • Anesthesiology
  • Medical education

Background:

  • Pediatric sedation practices are dynamic, influenced by evolving professional roles, research, guidelines, and training.
  • Traditional approaches are being supplemented by new pharmacological agents and educational techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolutionary and revolutionary changes in pediatric sedation.
  • To highlight progress in medications, adverse event definitions, and training across specialties.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current trends in pediatric sedation.
  • Analysis of changes in professional involvement, risk management, and educational strategies.

Main Results:

  • Evolutionary changes include the expanding role of anesthesiologists and the continued use of ketamine.
  • Revolutionary changes involve new definitions of adverse events, adoption of propofol and dexmedetomidine, and use of patient simulation for training.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric sedation is a rapidly advancing field with both gradual and significant shifts in practice.
  • These advancements aim to improve patient safety and the efficacy of sedation in children across various medical specialties.