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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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The Roche Cancer Genome Database 2.0.

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This study introduces the Roche Cancer Genome Database (RCGDB), an integrated system for accessing human cancer mutation data. The RCGDB provides a user-friendly interface for exploring genomic alterations critical for tumor development and outcome prediction.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Cancer Research
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Cancer is characterized by somatic DNA sequence mutations.
  • Specific mutations are crucial for tumor development and can predict outcomes.
  • Understanding these alterations is key to cancer characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an integrated biological information system for cancer genome data.
  • To provide a user-friendly platform for accessing and analyzing human mutation data.
  • To facilitate research in cancer genomics and personalized medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of the Roche Cancer Genome Database (RCGDB) by integrating public mutation databases.
  • Inclusion of hand-curated data from scientific publications.
  • Development of a graphical user interface with multiple search functionalities.

Main Results:

  • The RCGDB offers intuitive access to diverse cancer mutation data.
  • Users can perform single, batch, customized, and advanced queries.
  • The database integrates information on genes, samples, cell lines, diseases, and pathways.

Conclusions:

  • The RCGDB provides an intuitive interface for searching and viewing cancer mutations.
  • The database is freely accessible to the research community.
  • Facilitates a deeper understanding of cancer genome alterations and their implications.