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Related Concept Videos

Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups


Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

Published on: November 22, 2016

2-Phenyl-anilinium dihydrogen phosphate.

Mohamed Lahbib Mrad, Salah Ammar, Valeria Ferretti

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 19, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a compound, revealing how dihydrogen phosphate anions and 2-phenyl-anilinium cations form inorganic layers and a 3D network through hydrogen bonding. The dihedral angle between aromatic rings is 44.7 degrees.

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    Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants
    12:06

    Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants

    Published on: October 19, 2017

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    Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

    Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
    08:46

    Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

    Published on: November 22, 2016

    Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants
    12:06

    Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants

    Published on: October 19, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Materials Science
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the self-assembly of crystalline materials.
    • Understanding the interplay between organic cations and inorganic anions is key to designing novel functional materials.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(12)H(12)N(+)·H(2)PO(4) (-).
    • To investigate the hydrogen bonding interactions that govern the assembly of the crystal lattice.
    • To characterize the three-dimensional network formed by the organic and inorganic components.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic arrangement.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks (O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O, C-H⋯O) was performed.
    • Geometric parameters, including dihedral angles between aromatic rings, were measured.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure reveals the association of dihydrogen phosphate anions and 2-phenyl-anilinium cations via O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inorganic layers.
    • Organic entities are integrated into these layers through C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, creating an extended three-dimensional network.
    • The dihedral angle between the phenyl and aniline rings in the 2-phenyl-anilinium cation was determined to be 44.7(4)°.

    Conclusions:

    • The hydrogen bonding interactions dictate the formation of a robust 3D supramolecular architecture.
    • The specific arrangement highlights the cooperative role of different hydrogen bond types in crystal engineering.
    • This structural motif provides insights into the design of layered materials with potential applications in molecular recognition or separation.