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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
14:11

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

2,6-Dichloro-pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile.

Adrian Woiczechowski-Pop, Richard A Varga, Anamaria Terec

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 19, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Planar molecules of C(7)HCl(2)N(3) form chains via C-H⋯N interactions in the crystal structure. These chains further assemble into layers through C-Cl⋯N interactions, revealing crystal packing details.

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    On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes
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    On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

    Published on: August 5, 2016

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    Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

    Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
    14:11

    Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

    Published on: June 10, 2021

    Syntheses, Crystallization, and Spectroscopic Characterization of 3,5-Lutidine N-Oxide Dehydrate
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    Published on: April 24, 2018

    On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes
    07:49

    On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

    Published on: August 5, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Solid-state chemistry
    • Molecular structure

    Background:

    • Understanding crystal packing is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Intermolecular interactions dictate the assembly of molecules in the solid state.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of the title compound, C(7)HCl(2)N(3).
    • To analyze the packing motifs and hydrogen bonding networks within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds and halogen bonds, was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The title compound crystallizes with essentially planar molecules.
    • Molecules form chains along the b axis mediated by C-H⋯N interactions.
    • These chains are interconnected into layers parallel to the ab plane via C-Cl⋯N interactions.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure is characterized by a layered arrangement driven by specific intermolecular forces.
    • The identified C-H⋯N and C-Cl⋯N interactions are key to the observed crystal packing.
    • This structural information provides insights into the solid-state behavior of C(7)HCl(2)N(3).