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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene01:17

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene

Friedel–Crafts reactions were developed in 1877 by the French chemist Charles Friedel and the American chemist James Crafts. Friedel–Crafts alkylation refers to the replacement of an aromatic proton with an alkyl group via electrophilic aromatic substitution. A Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride reacts with an alkyl halide to form a carbocation. The resulting carbocation then reacts with the aromatic ring and undergoes a series of electron rearrangements before giving the final...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN101:14

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo, or cyano...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
19:58

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

N-(4-Ferrocenylphenyl)benzamide.

Ataf Ali Altaf, Amin Badshah, Nasir Khan

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 19, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study characterizes a novel iron compound, [Fe(C(5)H(5))(C(18)H(14)NO)], detailing its disordered cyclopentadienyl ring and hydrogen bonding interactions. The findings reveal unique molecular packing in the crystal structure.

    Area of Science:

    • Organometallic Chemistry
    • Crystallography
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding the structural nuances of organometallic compounds is crucial for developing new materials.
    • Cyclopentadienyl ligands are fundamental in coordination chemistry, influencing compound stability and reactivity.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in crystal engineering and material properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, [Fe(C(5)H(5))(C(18)H(14)NO)].
    • To investigate the conformational behavior of the cyclopentadienyl ring and hydrogen bonding networks.
    • To describe the supramolecular assembly of the molecules in the solid state.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional molecular structure.

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    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
    11:01

    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

    Published on: November 23, 2016

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    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

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    Synthetic Methodology for Asymmetric Ferrocene Derived Bio-conjugate Systems via Solid Phase Resin-based Methodology
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    Synthetic Methodology for Asymmetric Ferrocene Derived Bio-conjugate Systems via Solid Phase Resin-based Methodology

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    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
    11:01

    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

    Published on: November 23, 2016

  • Analysis of bond lengths, angles, and intermolecular interactions was performed.
  • Disorder in the cyclopentadienyl ring was modeled using crystallographic software.

    • Main Results:

    • The crystal structure reveals a disordered cyclopentadienyl ring with an occupancy ratio of 0.55:0.45.
    • Two distinct conformations, eclipsed and staggered, were identified for the disordered ring.
    • Intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds (C-H⋯O and N-H⋯O) were observed, forming characteristic ring motifs (S(6) and R(2)(1)(7)).

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides detailed structural insights into the iron complex, highlighting ligand disorder.
    • The identified hydrogen bonding patterns dictate the formation of specific supramolecular architectures.
    • Molecules self-assemble into polymeric chains along the b-axis, showcasing directional intermolecular forces.