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Predicting Molecular Geometry

Predicting Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes

Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes

Published on: September 12, 2018

4-(2-Carb-oxy-vin-yl)pyridinium iodide.

¹Ordered Matter Science Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 19, 2011

Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a pyridine derivative salt. Hydrogen bonds between cations and anions form a two-dimensional network, revealing specific molecular arrangements.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Chemical Physics
Materials Science

Background:

Understanding the intermolecular interactions in organic salts is crucial for predicting their physical properties.
Pyridine derivatives are widely used in pharmaceuticals and materials science, necessitating detailed structural analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title salt, C(8)H(8)NO(2) (+)·I(-).
To investigate the hydrogen bonding network and molecular conformation within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic arrangement.
Analysis of hydrogen bond geometry and dihedral angles provided insights into molecular interactions.

Main Results:

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[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

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Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes

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[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

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The crystal structure reveals cations and anions linked by bifurcated N-H⋯(O,I) hydrogen bonds.
A near-linear O-H⋯I hydrogen bond contributes to a two-dimensional network structure.
The carboxyl group in the cation exhibits a dihedral angle of 15.34° with respect to the pyridine ring.

Conclusions:

The hydrogen bonding patterns dictate the formation of a stable two-dimensional network in the crystal structure.
The observed molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions are key characteristics of this pyridine derivative salt.