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Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π&VeryThinSpace;→&VeryThinSpace;π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given structure by adding the contributions...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

1-(3,4-Dihy-droxy-phen-yl)hexan-1-one.

Xiao-Chun Peng¹, Wei-Jun Huang, Xi Wang

¹College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 19, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a compound with a hexyl chain attached to a benzene ring. Molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds, forming an infinite sheet in the crystal lattice.

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

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Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

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Published on: July 17, 2020

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Crystallography
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
Crystal engineering utilizes intermolecular forces to design and construct solid-state architectures with desired characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(12)H(16)O(3).
To investigate the intermolecular interactions governing the solid-state packing of the molecule.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular contacts was performed.

Main Results:

The compound features a benzene ring and a hexyl chain, with a dihedral angle of 8.5(2)° between their mean planes.
Intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified, linking the molecules into an infinite sheet.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure is stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds, leading to a layered arrangement.
The observed structure provides insights into the solid-state behavior of molecules with similar functional groups.