Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...

Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...

Precipitation of Ions

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers

Class III antiarrhythmic drugs are a group of medications that can prolong action potentials in the heart. They achieve this by blocking potassium channels or enhancing inward currents from sodium channels. However, these drugs have a unique property of "reverse use-dependence," which is most pronounced at slower heart rates and can lead to torsades de pointes—a specific type of arrhythmia. However, it is essential to note that excessive QT interval prolongation—a measure of the heart's...

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations

Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is commonly administered via intermittent intravenous infusion to treat severe infections. An intermittent one-hour infusion of gentamicin, administered at eight-hour intervals, allows for precise control of plasma drug concentrations, minimizing toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic principles govern the dynamics of plasma concentrations and can be mathematically described using specific equations.The plasma drug concentration...

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers

Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs, such as verapamil and diltiazem, block calcium channels. They primarily affect the heart, slowing the conduction in calcium-dependent tissues like the SA and AV nodes. These drugs manage reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and reduce ventricular rate in atrial flutter/fibrillation.
Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, inhibits calcium movement across myocardial cell membranes and vascular smooth muscle. This results in the dilation of coronary and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Crystal structures and luminescence properties of Ca<sub>3</sub>RE<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>8</sub>N<sub>4</sub> (RE = Y, La, and Ce) activated by Ce<sup>3</sup>.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026

Same author

Partially π-exposed 3D carbohelicene for mechanical tuning of conductance and thermopower in single-molecule junctions.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Visualization of surface wave generation and tail wave formation in acoustic Wood anomalies.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·2026

Same author

Favipiravir-levofloxacin salt reaction and its impact on the physicochemical properties.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2026

Same author

Prevalence of Antibodies to Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Wild Boars Captured Across Different Locations in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

Viruses·2025

Same author

Time-dependent predictive performance of inflammatory markers for 30-day all-cause mortality in patients with suspected infection in a Japanese emergency department: a retrospective cohort study.

BMJ open·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

Published on: June 23, 2015

Potassium clavulanate.

Kotaro Fujii, Kazuyuki Toyota, Akiko Sekine

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 19, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of potassium (2R,5R,Z)-3-(2-hydroxy-ethyl-idene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-aza-bicyclo-[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate, a common beta-lactam antibiotic. The structure reveals how ionic columns and hydrogen bonds contribute to its solid-state stability.

More Related Videos

Study of the Functions and Activities of Neuronal K-Cl Co-Transporter KCC2 Using Western Blotting

Study of the Functions and Activities of Neuronal K-Cl Co-Transporter KCC2 Using Western Blotting

Published on: December 9, 2022

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

Published on: September 9, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

Published on: June 23, 2015

Study of the Functions and Activities of Neuronal K-Cl Co-Transporter KCC2 Using Western Blotting

Study of the Functions and Activities of Neuronal K-Cl Co-Transporter KCC2 Using Western Blotting

Published on: December 9, 2022

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

Published on: September 9, 2016

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Medicinal Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Beta-lactam antibiotics are crucial therapeutics but often exhibit chemical instability.
The title salt, potassium (2R,5R,Z)-3-(2-hydroxy-ethyl-idene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-aza-bicyclo-[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate, is a widely used example prone to hydrolysis.
Understanding its solid-state structure is key to improving stability.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title salt.
To investigate the intermolecular interactions governing its solid-state arrangement.
To provide insights into the chemical stability of this important beta-lactam antibiotic.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Analysis of ionic interactions and hydrogen bonding networks.
Structural characterization of the potassium salt.

Main Results:

The crystal structure features one-dimensional ionic columns formed by potassium cations interacting with carboxylate and hydroxy groups.
These columns are further organized into layers in the ab plane through O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
The observed packing arrangement provides a basis for understanding the compound's solid-state behavior.

Conclusions:

The determined crystal structure explains the solid-state organization of the title beta-lactam antibiotic.
The identified ionic and hydrogen bonding interactions are critical for its structural integrity.
This structural insight may guide strategies for enhancing the stability of beta-lactam antibiotics.