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Related Concept Videos

Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation01:01

Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation

Benzaldehyde, like formaldehyde, lacks an α hydrogen and cannot enolize to form an enolate. Hence, the reaction of benzaldehyde with a ketone in the presence of an aqueous base forms a single crossed product. This reaction is referred to as Claisen–Schmidt condensation.
As the self-condensation of ketones is generally not favored in basic conditions, the self-condensed products do not form in the reaction between ketones and benzaldehyde. The general reaction of Claisen–Schmidt condensation is...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction00:59

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

4-(Benz-yloxy)benzaldehyde.

Alan R Kennedy, Zaccheus R Kipkorir, Claire I Muhanji

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 19, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the molecular structure of a C(14)H(12)O(2) compound, revealing a nearly planar conformation. Weak intermolecular interactions involving aldehyde oxygen and methylene hydrogens were identified.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Molecular Structure

    Background:

    • Understanding the precise three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
    • Detailed structural analysis provides fundamental insights into intermolecular forces and crystal packing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the solid-state structure of the title compound, C(14)H(12)O(2).
    • To investigate the conformational preferences and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular contacts was performed.

    Main Results:

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    Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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    Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions
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    Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

    Published on: November 30, 2022

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    Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

    Published on: January 19, 2016

    Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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    Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

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    Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

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    • The title compound exhibits an essentially planar conformation.
    • A small dihedral angle of 5.23(9)° was observed between the two aromatic rings.
    • The aldehyde group is coplanar with its attached aromatic ring (maximum deviation = 0.204(3) Å).
    • Weak intermolecular C-H⋯O interactions were identified as the shortest contacts, occurring between the aldehyde oxygen and methylene hydrogens.

    Conclusions:

    • The determined structure provides a detailed understanding of the molecular geometry of C(14)H(12)O(2).
    • The observed planarity and specific intermolecular contacts offer insights into the packing forces governing the solid state of this compound.