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Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an alkylated β-keto acid.

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

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Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

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(E)-Methyl 2-(3-cinnamoyl-thio-ureido)acetate.

Ibrahim N Hassan¹, Bohari M Yamin, Mohammad B Kassim

¹School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM 43600 Bangi Selangor, Malaysia.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 19, 2011

Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a novel organic compound, highlighting its molecular configuration and hydrogen bonding. The findings reveal specific intra-molecular and inter-molecular interactions influencing crystal packing.

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Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

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Published on: June 13, 2022

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Crystallography
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Understanding molecular structure and intermolecular forces is crucial in chemistry.
Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in crystal engineering and material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(13)H(14)N(2)O(3)S.
To analyze the intra-molecular and inter-molecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of bond lengths, angles, and non-covalent interactions was performed.

Main Results:

The methyl 2-(3-formyl-thio-ureido)acetate fragment and the phenyl ring adopt an E configuration.
An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond forms a six-membered ring.
Inter-molecular N-H⋯S contacts stabilize the crystal packing, forming a 2D network.

Conclusions:

The study provides a detailed structural characterization of the title compound.
The identified hydrogen bonding patterns offer insights into crystal packing and supramolecular assembly.