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IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement01:57

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
The reaction begins with transferring a proton from the acid catalyst to one of the hydroxyl groups, producing an oxonium ion.
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...

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Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
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5-(Pyridin-4-yl)isophthalic acid.

Yong-Fang Zhang1, Qing-Fu Zhang, Juan Jin

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a novel compound, C(13)H(9)NO(4). Molecular analysis reveals specific planar arrangements and hydrogen bonding, forming an intricate three-dimensional supramolecular framework.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial in supramolecular chemistry.
  • Crystal structure analysis provides insights into intermolecular forces.
  • The compound C(13)H(9)NO(4) was synthesized for structural investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystal structure of C(13)H(9)NO(4).
  • To analyze the molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions.
  • To elucidate the formation of the supramolecular framework.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed.
  • Analysis of atomic deviations and dihedral angles.
  • Identification of hydrogen bonding networks (O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N, C-H⋯O).

Main Results:

  • The benzene and carboxyl groups are nearly co-planar.
  • A dihedral angle of 31.07° exists between the benzene and pyridine rings.
  • A 3D supramolecular framework is formed via hydrogen bonding.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure of C(13)H(9)NO(4) has been successfully elucidated.
  • The compound exhibits specific geometric preferences and intermolecular interactions.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in constructing the observed 3D framework.