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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyl(tropone)iron
07:56

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Published on: August 12, 2019

Bis[2-(methyl-amino)-troponato]copper(II).

Gideon Steyl1, Theunis J Muller, Andreas Roodt

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a copper(II) complex, [Cu(C(8)H(8)NO)(2)], revealing a square-planar geometry. The findings highlight how structural modifications affect copper complexes and their stabilization through π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding.

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Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
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Published on: September 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Crystal Engineering
  • Coordination Chemistry

Background:

  • Copper(II) complexes are vital in catalysis and materials science.
  • Understanding the structural nuances of copper complexes informs their functional properties.
  • Bis-(troponato)copper(II) complexes serve as benchmarks for structural comparisons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the novel copper(II) complex, [Cu(C(8)H(8)NO)(2)].
  • To compare the structural parameters of this complex with related bis-(troponato)copper(II) compounds.
  • To investigate the intermolecular interactions contributing to the stability of the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the precise atomic arrangement.
  • Structural parameters, including bond distances and angles, were meticulously analyzed.
  • Intermolecular interactions, such as π-π stacking and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, were identified and quantified.

Main Results:

  • The copper(II) ion in [Cu(C(8)H(8)NO)(2)] exhibits a strictly square-planar coordination geometry.
  • Substitution of an oxygen atom with a methyl-functionalized nitrogen atom minimally impacts bond distances and angles compared to bis-(troponato)copper(II).
  • Significant π-π stacking between tropolone rings (inter-planar distances of 3.5039(16) and 3.2933(15) Å) and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal structure.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the square-planar geometry of the [Cu(C(8)H(8)NO)(2)] complex.
  • Structural integrity is maintained despite ligand modification, suggesting robustness in this class of copper complexes.
  • Intermolecular forces play a crucial role in the overall stability and packing of the crystalline material.