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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid
05:59

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Published on: September 27, 2024

3,6,8-Tribromo-quinoline.

Ismail Celik, Mehmet Akkurt, Salih Okten

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 19, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a C(9)H(4)Br(3)N molecule. Its near-planar structure is stabilized by aromatic π-π interactions between quinoline ring systems.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular structure and intermolecular forces is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Quinoline derivatives are important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and materials science.
    • Precise structural data informs theoretical models and synthetic strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title molecule, C(9)H(4)Br(3)N.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions stabilizing the crystal lattice.
    • To provide foundational data for further research on related compounds.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and deviations from planarity.

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    Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives
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    Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

    Published on: February 15, 2016

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    Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid
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    11:51

    Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

    Published on: February 15, 2016

  • Identification and quantification of intermolecular interactions, specifically π-π stacking.
  • Main Results:

    • The title molecule, C(9)H(4)Br(3)N, exhibits a nearly planar conformation with a maximum deviation of 0.110(1) Å.
    • The crystal structure is stabilized by weak aromatic π-π interactions.
    • The centroid-centroid distance between interacting quinoline ring systems is 3.802(4) Å.

    Conclusions:

    • The C(9)H(4)Br(3)N molecule possesses a highly planar structure.
    • Aromatic π-π interactions play a significant role in the crystal packing and stability.
    • This structural information is valuable for designing novel organic materials and understanding structure-property relationships.