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Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes02:36

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
11:45

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

2,4,5-Trimeth-oxy-benzaldehyde monohydrate.

Abdullah M Asiri, Salman A Khan, M Nawaz Tahir

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 19, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study reveals the crystal structure of 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde hydrate, highlighting its near-planar molecular geometry and the formation of 1D polymer chains through hydrogen bonding interactions in the solid state.

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    Published on: June 13, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Supramolecular Chemistry
    • Organic Chemistry

    Background:

    • 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde is an organic compound with potential applications in synthesis.
    • Understanding the solid-state structure is crucial for predicting chemical behavior and material properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the crystal structure of 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde hydrate.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding, that stabilize the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the crystal structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks and molecular geometry was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(10)H(12)O(4)·H(2)O was elucidated.
    • The 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde molecule exhibits near-planar geometry (rms deviation = 0.0183 Å).
    • One-dimensional polymeric chains are formed via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding between the aldehyde molecules and water molecules, featuring an R(1)(2)(5) ring motif. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding involves disordered H atoms over two equally occupied sites.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal packing is dominated by hydrogen bonding, leading to the formation of extended polymeric chains.
    • The observed structural features provide insights into the supramolecular assembly of this organic hydrate.