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Putative intestinal hyperammonaemia in horses: 36 cases.

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Intestinal hyperammonaemia (HA) in horses is uncommon but can cause severe signs. Higher blood ammonium levels on admission were linked to survival, with most survivors making a full recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Equine Internal Medicine
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Intestinal hyperammonaemia (HA) is rarely reported in horses.
  • Previous studies lacked comprehensive clinical and laboratory data for multiple cases.
  • This study addresses the need for a larger case series on equine intestinal HA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document clinical and laboratory findings in horses with intestinal HA.
  • To evaluate short- and long-term outcomes for horses diagnosed with intestinal HA.
  • To identify prognostic indicators for survival in horses with intestinal HA.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, multi-centered study of case records.
  • Inclusion criteria: clinical or post-mortem diagnosis of intestinal HA (blood ammonium ≥60 µmol/l).
  • Exclusion criteria: primary hepatic disease; comparison of survivors vs. non-survivors.

Main Results:

  • Thirty-six cases (26 mature horses, 10 foals) of intestinal HA identified.
  • Common signs: diarrhea, colic, neurological signs; common diagnoses: colitis/enteritis.
  • Survival rate was 39%; admission ammonium concentration was the sole significant prognostic factor.

Conclusions:

  • Intestinal HA affects both mature horses and foals, presenting with severe clinical and laboratory abnormalities.
  • Complete recovery was observed in all available follow-up cases.
  • Further research is needed to explore predisposing factors and etiologies of equine intestinal HA.