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Standard Enthalpy of Formation02:37

Standard Enthalpy of Formation

Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly accepted set of conditions used as a reference point for the determination of properties under other different conditions. For chemists, the IUPAC standard state refers to materials under a pressure of 1 bar and solutions at 1 M and does not specify a temperature. Many thermochemical tables list values with a standard state of 1 atm. Because...
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The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
Alkanes undergo combustion in the presence of excess oxygen and high-temperature conditions to give carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is the energy source in natural gas, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, and...
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Hess’s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products are available. The main reaction may be divided into stepwise reactions : (i) decompositions of the reactants into their component elements, for which the enthalpy changes are proportional to the negative of the enthalpies of formation of the reactants, −ΔHf°(reactants), followed by (ii) re-combinations of the elements (obtained in step 1) to give...
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Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Residues in a Twin-screw Mixing Reactor
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Published on: September 9, 2016

NO formation during agricultural straw combustion.

Qiangqiang Ren1, Changsui Zhao, Lunbo Duan

  • 1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.

Bioresource Technology
|May 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Nitrogen oxide (NO) formation varies significantly among straw types during combustion. Cotton stalk produces more NO than wheat straw, and mixing straws can alter NO emissions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomass combustion
  • Environmental chemistry
  • Energy science

Background:

  • Straw combustion is a key process in biomass energy utilization.
  • Understanding nitrogen oxide (NO) formation is crucial for emission control.
  • Different straw types (soft vs. hard) exhibit unique combustion characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate NO formation during the combustion of wheat straw, rice straw, cotton stalk, and corn stalk.
  • To analyze NO formation from blended straw combustion under simulated grate boiler conditions.
  • To explore the influence of additives and atmospheric components on NO emissions.

Main Methods:

  • Combustion experiments in a tubular quartz fixed bed reactor.
  • Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for pyrolysis studies.
  • Analysis of nitrogen transfer pathways during combustion and pyrolysis.

Main Results:

  • Distinctive NO conversion rates were observed for different straw types, with cotton stalk showing over 70% fuel-N conversion to NO.
  • Mixing wheat straw and cotton stalk increased nitrogen-to-NO conversion.
  • Limestone addition enhanced NO emissions from cotton stalk, while sulfur dioxide (SO2) suppressed NO formation from straw combustion.

Conclusions:

  • Straw type significantly impacts NO formation during combustion.
  • Blended straw combustion and the presence of additives/gases can modify NO emission profiles.
  • These findings are vital for optimizing combustion conditions in biomass power plants to minimize NO pollution.