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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Functional Characterization of Regulatory Macrophages That Inhibit Graft-reactive Immunity
08:41

Functional Characterization of Regulatory Macrophages That Inhibit Graft-reactive Immunity

Published on: June 7, 2017

Making sense of regulatory T cell suppressive function.

Itay Shalev1, Moritz Schmelzle, Simon C Robson

  • 1Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada.

Seminars in Immunology
|May 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for immune balance. This review explores Treg functions, focusing on CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and their mechanisms in transplantation and immune-mediated diseases.

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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
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Published on: December 30, 2016

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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
08:20

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

Published on: December 30, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation immunology

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are vital for maintaining self-tolerance and regulating immune responses.
  • CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs are a major subset with significant roles in immune homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major regulatory T cell subsets and their novel functions in transplantation.
  • To focus on the mechanisms of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on regulatory T cell subsets and their functions.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms of Treg-mediated suppression.

Main Results:

  • Multiple proposed mechanisms for Treg suppressive activity exist, including inhibitory cytokines, effector cell death, metabolic perturbation, and dendritic cell inhibition.
  • No single mechanism fully explains Treg suppressive activity.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of Treg molecular mechanisms is needed.
  • Elucidating Treg function could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for transplantation and immune-mediated diseases.