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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)
10:36

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Published on: January 24, 2011

Mind the gap: olfactory trace conditioning in honeybees.

Paul Szyszka1, Christiane Demmler, Mariann Oemisch

  • 1University of Konstanz, Department of Biology-Neurobiology, 78457 Konstanz, Germany. paul.szyszka@uni-konstanz.de

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|May 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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The European journal of neuroscience·2025

Trace conditioning in honeybees creates a robust odor trace, but this learning requires higher cognitive processes, unlike simpler conditioning. Experience can extend learning capabilities for this trace memory.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Behavior
  • Olfactory Learning

Background:

  • Trace conditioning involves a gap between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US), requiring a neural trace.
  • Properties and mechanisms of these stimulus traces are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate appetitive olfactory trace conditioning in honeybees.
  • Determine the properties and neural basis of odor traces.

Main Methods:

  • Behavioral experiments on honeybees.
  • Calcium imaging in the antennal lobe.

Main Results:

  • Single odor presentation created an identity-specific, robust odor trace.
  • Learning decreased with longer CS-US gaps, but experience and gap odors improved acquisition.

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Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)
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Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Published on: December 12, 2012

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees
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Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees

Published on: July 21, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)
10:36

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Published on: January 24, 2011

Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)
10:14

Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Published on: December 12, 2012

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees
13:55

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees

Published on: July 21, 2014

  • Persistent neural responses in the antennal lobe did not encode the CS trace.

    • Conclusions:

    • Olfactory trace conditioning appears less reflexive than delay conditioning.
    • Odor traces may involve higher-level cognitive processes, not just simple neural persistence.