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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

Global quantification of mammalian gene expression control.

Björn Schwanhäusser1, Dorothea Busse, Na Li

  • 1Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.

Nature
|May 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study quantifies gene expression across mammalian cells, revealing protein abundance is mainly controlled by translation, not just mRNA levels. It provides a genome-wide view of mRNA and protein synthesis and turnover.

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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

Published on: May 17, 2014

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
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Published on: March 3, 2015

Single-cell Gene Expression Profiling Using FACS and qPCR with Internal Standards
10:50

Single-cell Gene Expression Profiling Using FACS and qPCR with Internal Standards

Published on: February 25, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Gene expression is fundamental to life, involving transcription, translation, and turnover of mRNA and proteins.
  • Previous studies lacked genome-wide quantitative data for the entire gene expression cascade.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simultaneously quantify absolute mRNA and protein abundance and turnover for over 5,000 genes in mammalian cells.
  • To develop a genome-scale model predicting mRNA and protein synthesis rates.
  • To understand the regulatory principles governing gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Parallel metabolic pulse labeling to measure mRNA and protein abundance and turnover.
  • Quantitative modeling to predict synthesis rates.
  • Analysis of over 5,000 genes in mammalian cells.

Main Results:

  • mRNA and protein levels showed a stronger correlation than expected, but their half-lives did not correlate.
  • The first genome-scale prediction of mRNA and protein synthesis rates was achieved.
  • Cellular protein abundance is primarily regulated at the translation level.
  • Genes with similar mRNA and protein stability exhibited shared functional properties.

Conclusions:

  • Protein abundance is predominantly controlled by translational regulation.
  • Gene expression dynamics are influenced by energetic and dynamic constraints.
  • This study provides a quantitative, genome-wide resource for understanding gene expression design principles.