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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview

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Insulin edema in slowly progressive type 1 diabetes: improvement following adjustment of insulin therapy.

Diabetology international·2026
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Adrenal Cushing's Syndrome in Pregnancy Complicated by Fetal Growth Restriction Following Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy.

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Intestinal fructose metabolism triggers a glucagon-like peptide-1-β-cell axis to prevent post-fructose hyperglycaemia.

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Correction: Yamamoto et al. Intestinal Morphology and Glucose Transporter Gene Expression under a Chronic Intake of High Sucrose. <i>Nutrients</i> 2024, <i>16</i>, 196.

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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor signaling in oligodendrocytes increases the weight-loss action of GLP-1R agonism.

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Correction: Regulation of glucose metabolism by incretins: implications for treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Diabetology international·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine
07:00

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

[Structure and function of incretin receptor].

Norio Harada1

  • 1Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|May 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are vital membrane proteins regulating bodily functions. This study focuses on GIP and GLP-1 receptors, exploring their roles beyond the pancreas.

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Precise Visualization of Insulin Receptors A and B in Murine Brain with an RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay
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Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large, diverse family of integral membrane proteins with seven transmembrane alpha-helices.
  • GPCRs are crucial for cellular signaling, mediating responses to hormones and neurotransmitters, and play key roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
  • Recent genomic studies have identified numerous orphan GPCRs, highlighting the need for further research into their functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression patterns and potential extrapancreatic functions of the GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor.
  • To understand the significance of these Class B receptors, which belong to the glucagon receptor subfamily.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genomic sequence data to identify orphan GPCRs.
  • Review of existing literature on GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor expression and function.
  • Comparative analysis of receptor distribution in various human tissues.

Main Results:

  • GIP receptor is expressed in the intestine, adipose tissue, brain, adrenal gland, and bone.
  • GLP-1 receptor is found in the intestine, central nervous system (CNS), lung, kidney, and heart.
  • Both GIP and GLP-1 exhibit significant extrapancreatic effects in addition to their known pancreatic roles in potentiating insulin secretion.

Conclusions:

  • GIP and GLP-1 receptors are widely distributed, suggesting diverse physiological roles.
  • The extrapancreatic functions of GIP and GLP-1 warrant further investigation.
  • Understanding these receptors is crucial for potential therapeutic interventions.