Imaging single cells in the living retina
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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina
Published on: February 13, 2021
1Center for Visual Science, William G. Allyn Professor of Medical Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0270, United States. david@cvs.rochester.edu
Abstract:
A quarter century ago, we were limited to a macroscopic view of the retina inside the living eye. Since then, new imaging technologies, including confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and adaptive optics fundus imaging, transformed the eye into a microscope in which individual cells can now be resolved noninvasively. These technologies have enabled a wide range of studies of the retina that were previously impossible.
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