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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Cerebrospinal Fluid01:21

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
CSF Production
CSF is produced mainly in the choroid plexus, a network of capillaries and ependymal cells located within the ventricular system of the brain.
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Vertebral Lymphatic Vasculature and Drainage using iDISCO+ and Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy
10:05

Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Vertebral Lymphatic Vasculature and Drainage using iDISCO+ and Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: May 22, 2020

Effect of tonsillar herniation on cyclic CSF flow studied with computational flow analysis.

S O Linge1, V Haughton, A E Løvgren

  • 1Telemark University College, Porsgrunn, Norway. sveinlin@simula.no

AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
|May 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Chiari I malformation, characterized by tonsillar herniation, significantly increases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure gradients and flow complexity. This study used 3D models to analyze CSF flow dynamics in Chiari I patients.

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Vertebral Lymphatic Vasculature and Drainage using iDISCO+ and Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy
10:05

Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Vertebral Lymphatic Vasculature and Drainage using iDISCO+ and Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: May 22, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Chiari I malformation involves cerebellar tonsil herniation below the foramen magnum.
  • Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) velocities are observed in Chiari I patients compared to healthy individuals.
  • Interindividual variation complicates direct measurement of herniation's effect on human CSF flow.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the impact of tonsillar herniation on CSF flow velocity and pressure dynamics.
  • To utilize 3D computational modeling to simulate CSF flow in Chiari I malformation.
  • To compare flow dynamics between normal and herniated tonsil models.

Main Methods:

  • A 3D mathematical model of the subarachnoid space was adapted to include inferiorly extended tonsils.
  • Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods calculated pressures and velocities for sinusoidal Newtonian fluid flow.
  • Results were visualized using 2D color-coded plots and 3D animations for comparison.

Main Results:

  • The computational model accurately represented the subarachnoid space in Chiari I malformation.
  • Complex flow patterns, including jets and stagnant areas, were observed in the Chiari model.
  • The Chiari model exhibited greater flow jets, bidirectional flow, and pressure gradients than the normal model.
  • Model-derived flow velocity distributions closely matched clinical CSF flow imaging in Chiari I patients.

Conclusions:

  • Tonsillar herniation inherently elevates pressure gradients within the CSF system.
  • Herniation leads to more complex flow patterns in oscillatory CSF flow.
  • 3D modeling provides a valuable tool for understanding CSF dynamics in Chiari I malformation.