Related Concept Videos
01:24Reynolds Transport Theorem
The Reynolds transport theorem provides a framework to relate the time rate of change of an extensive property within a system to that in a control volume, which is crucial for analyzing fluid dynamics. Extensive properties, such as mass, velocity, acceleration, temperature, and momentum, can be expressed in terms of the mass of a fluid portion. These properties are called extensive because they depend on the system's size, while intensive properties are their corresponding values per unit mass.
02:12Short-distance Transport of Resources
Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
01:42Directionality of Nuclear Transport
Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
02:45The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom
Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
01:37Energy to Drive Translocation
Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
01:32Secondary Active Transport
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 1, 2026
05:30
Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
Published on: September 8, 2023
Quantum transport through hierarchical structures.
S Boettcher1, C Varghese, M A Novotny
1Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. sboettc@emory.edu
Summary
Quantum electron transport in hierarchical Hanoi networks (HN3 and HN5) was studied. HN3 exhibits band gaps, unlike linear networks or HN5, with detailed scaling analysis near these gaps.
Area of Science:
- Condensed matter physics
- Quantum mechanics
- Materials science
Background:
- Hierarchical lattices blend properties of regular and random systems.
- Understanding quantum electron transport in complex structures is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate quantum electron transport in two related Hanoi networks (HN3 and HN5).
- To analyze the energy-dependent electron transmission and identify emergent properties like band gaps.
Main Methods:
- Utilized the tight-binding approximation for quantum transport calculations.
- Employed a renormalization group approach to solve complex matrix equations.
- Calculated electron transmission as a function of energy.
Main Results:
- Observed distinct band gaps in the HN3 network.
- Found no band gaps in linear networks or the HN5 network.
- Conducted detailed scaling analysis near the band gap edges in HN3.
Conclusions:
- Hanoi networks exhibit unique electronic properties based on their connectivity.
- The presence or absence of band gaps is sensitive to the network's structure and bonding.
- Renormalization group methods are effective for analyzing quantum transport in hierarchical systems.