Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy, also known as CRRT, is a procedural treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI) that gradually removes uremic toxins and fluids while maintaining acid-base balance and stabilizing electrolytes. It is particularly useful for hemodynamically unstable patients. Unlike intermittent hemodialysis, which is faster, CRRT provides a gentler approach over 24 hours, closely mimicking the function of natural kidneys. However, CRRT is not ideal for patients with...

Vascular Spasm

Vascular Spasm

The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last for...

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A multidisciplinary RNA-guided approach to complement genomic analysis of unsolved patients with an inborn error of immunity.

Frontiers in immunology·2026

Same author

Single-cell multiomics reveals activation of the STAT3-PIM1 axis in T-cell subsets in proteinase 3-ANCA-positive granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases·2026

Same author

VEXAS syndrome as an underlying cause of disease in patients with Sweet syndrome.

JAAD case reports·2026

Same author

Systematic functional validation of IKAROS variants from patients and laboratory-generated mutations.

Blood advances·2025

Same author

Circulating peripheral helper T cells are expanded and associate with disease activity in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Arthritis research & therapy·2025

Same author

Challenges in the diagnosis, classification and prognosis of ANCA-associated vasculitis.

Nature reviews. Rheumatology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney

Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney

Published on: September 1, 2016

Refractory vasculitis.

Abraham Rutgers¹, Cees G M Kallenberg

¹University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Department of Rheumatology en Clinical Immunology, The Netherlands. a.rutgers@reuma.umcg.nl

Autoimmunity Reviews

|May 24, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Refractory anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis (AAV) affects a small patient group. Rituximab offers a safer alternative to cyclophosphamide for inducing remission in refractory AAV, with comparable efficacy and fewer side effects.

More Related Videos

Catheter-based Endovascular Angioplasty for Fibrosing Mediastinitis-associated Pulmonary Vein Stenosis

Catheter-based Endovascular Angioplasty for Fibrosing Mediastinitis-associated Pulmonary Vein Stenosis

Published on: August 26, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney

Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney

Published on: September 1, 2016

Catheter-based Endovascular Angioplasty for Fibrosing Mediastinitis-associated Pulmonary Vein Stenosis

Catheter-based Endovascular Angioplasty for Fibrosing Mediastinitis-associated Pulmonary Vein Stenosis

Published on: August 26, 2025

Area of Science:

Immunology
Rheumatology
Internal Medicine

Background:

Refractory vasculitis affects 4-5% of patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis (AAV).
Treatment outcomes for refractory AAV vary, impacting remission rates and serious side effects.
Identifying optimal second-line therapies is crucial for managing this challenging condition.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the efficacy and safety of second-line therapies for refractory anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis (AAV).
To evaluate Rituximab as a potential first alternative to cyclophosphamide for induction therapy in refractory AAV.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of remission rates (complete and partial) between different therapeutic regimens.
Assessment of the incidence and severity of serious side effects associated with each treatment.
Review of existing literature and clinical data on refractory AAV management.

Main Results:

Differences in remission rates exist between therapies for refractory AAV.
Rituximab demonstrates a favorable safety profile compared to other second-line options.
Rituximab is identified as a safe and effective alternative for induction therapy.

Conclusions:

Rituximab is a highly recommended and safe second-line therapy for refractory anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis (AAV).
It should be considered the primary alternative to cyclophosphamide for inducing remission in refractory AAV patients.
The choice of therapy should balance remission rates with the risk of serious adverse events.