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Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.Ribosome Structure and AssemblyRibosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within the...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.Ribosome Structure and AssemblyRibosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within the...

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

The ribosome binding site calculator.

Howard M Salis¹

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.

Methods in Enzymology

|May 24, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The Ribosome Binding Site (RBS) Calculator predicts and optimizes translation initiation rates in bacteria. This tool enables precise control over protein expression for synthetic biology applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

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Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis

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RIBO-seq in Bacteria: a Sample Collection and Library Preparation Protocol for NGS Sequencing

RIBO-seq in Bacteria: a Sample Collection and Library Preparation Protocol for NGS Sequencing

Published on: August 7, 2021

Area of Science:

Synthetic Biology
Molecular Biology
Bioinformatics

Background:

Translation initiation is a key regulatory point for gene expression.
Controlling protein expression levels is crucial for metabolic engineering and genetic circuit design.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce the Ribosome Binding Site (RBS) Calculator, a method for predicting and optimizing translation initiation.
To demonstrate rational control of protein expression across a wide dynamic range.

Main Methods:

Development of a thermodynamic model to predict translation initiation rates.
An optimization algorithm to design synthetic RBS sequences for targeted expression levels.
Protocol for measuring steady-state fluorescent protein expression.

Main Results:

The RBS Calculator accurately predicts translation initiation rates for any start codon.
Achieved rational control of protein expression over a 100,000+ fold range.
Demonstrated utility in optimizing synthetic metabolic pathways and genetic circuits.

Conclusions:

The RBS Calculator provides a powerful tool for precise control of protein synthesis in bacteria.
Enables predictable and tunable protein expression for diverse biotechnology applications.
Facilitates the rational design of complex genetic systems.