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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Antiprotozoal Agents01:21

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...
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Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters

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Flippase
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American Trypanosomiasis01:22

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Phospholipases a in trypanosomatids.

María Laura Belaunzarán1, Estela María Lammel, Elvira Luisa Durante de Isola

  • 1Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Enzyme Research
|May 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Phospholipases A(1) and A(2) are crucial enzymes in pathogenic protozoa, contributing to cell invasion and disease. Research explores their biochemical, biological, and molecular roles in key kinetoplastid human pathogens.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Phospholipases are vital enzymes in biochemical processes.
  • Phospholipases A(1) and A(2) are implicated in microbial pathogenesis and cell invasion.
  • Kinetoplastids are protozoan parasites causing severe human and animal diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review research on Phospholipases A(1) and A(2) in kinetoplastid human pathogens.
  • To highlight the biochemical, biological, and molecular aspects of these enzymes.
  • To understand their contribution to pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research.
  • Analysis of biochemical and molecular characteristics.
  • Focus on Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp.

Main Results:

  • Phospholipases A(1) and A(2) exhibit diverse characteristics in kinetoplastids.
  • These enzymes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of these parasites.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate their mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Phospholipases A(1) and A(2) are key targets for understanding kinetoplastid pathogenesis.
  • Their biochemical and molecular functions are critical for parasite survival and invasion.
  • Continued investigation is essential for developing therapeutic strategies.