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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Herpes01:28

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
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Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

"CURB" your enthusiasm and consider HIV.

Phillip Jacobs1, Michael A Beckles, Abtehale Al-Hussaini

  • 1Specialist Registrar Department of Acute Medicine Royal Free Hospital Pond Street London NW3 2QG.

Acute Medicine
|May 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A 40-year-old female with pneumonia initially misdiagnosed as low-risk was later found to have Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. This case highlights the need for appropriate risk assessment and awareness of immunosuppression in emergency settings.

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Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture
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Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Published on: October 12, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing
10:18

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture
11:14

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Published on: October 12, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Pneumonia is a common respiratory infection, but treatment failure can indicate underlying complications.
  • Accurate patient risk stratification is crucial for appropriate management in emergency departments.
  • Undiagnosed immunosuppression can lead to opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of delayed diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.
  • To emphasize the importance of appropriate application of risk assessment tools in emergency medicine.
  • To raise awareness among acute care physicians regarding potential underlying immunosuppression.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 40-year-old female patient.
  • Review of initial presentation, treatment, and subsequent diagnostic workup.
  • Analysis of the patient's severity assessment score and clinical course.

Main Results:

  • Initial presentation with pneumonia unresponsive to oral antibiotics.
  • Patient initially categorized as low-risk and discharged from the Emergency Department.
  • Subsequent admission led to diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.

Conclusions:

  • Failure to respond to standard antibiotic treatment for pneumonia warrants further investigation.
  • Risk validation tools must be used judiciously, considering potential limitations.
  • Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for underlying immunosuppressive conditions, particularly in cases of treatment-refractory infections.